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Tuyuhun (), also known as Henanguo (河南國), or 'A-zha or Togon in Tibetan,〔Christopher I. Beckwith, ''The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia: A History of the Struggle for Great Power Among Tibetans, Turks, Arabs, and Chinese During the Early Middle Ages'' (Princeton University Press, new ed. 1993), p. 17. ISBN 0-691-02469-3.〕 was a powerful kingdom established by nomadic tribes related to the Xianbei in the Qilian Mountains and upper Yellow River valley. == History == After the disintegration of the Xianbei state, nomadic groups were led by their Khan, Tuyuhun, to the rich pasture lands around Qinghai Lake about the middle of the 3rd century. Murong Tuyuhun (慕容吐谷渾) was the older brother of the Former Yan's ancestor Murong Hui〔''Zizhi Tongjian'', vol. 90.〕 and elder son of the Chanyu Murong Shegui (慕容涉歸) of the Murong Xianbei who took his people from their original settlements on the Liaodong Peninsula to the region of the Yin Mountains, crossing the Yellow River between 307 and 313, and into the eastern region of modern Qinghai.〔''The T'u-yü-hun from the Northern Wei to the time of the Five Dynasties'', p. XII. 1970. Gabriella Molè. Rome. Is.M.E.O.〕 The Tuyuhun Empire was established in 284〔281 is the foundation for the first or 'Former' (of the four) Murong Xianbei Kingdoms. See Charles Holcombe, ''The Genesis of East Asia, 221 B.C.-A.D. 907: 221 B.C.-A.D.907,''University of Hawaii Press, 2001 pp.130-131.〕 by subjugating the native peoples referred to as the Qiang, including more than 100 different and loosely coordinated tribes that did not submit to each other or any authority. After Tuyuhun died in Linxia, Gansu in 317, his sixty sons further expanded the empire by defeating the Western Qin (385-430) and Xia (407-431) kingdoms. The Qinghai Xianbei, Tufa Xianbei, Qifu Xianbei and Haolian Xianbei joined them. They moved their capital 6 km west of Koko Nur.〔"Note sur les T’ou-yu-houen et les Sou-p’i." Paul Pelliot. ''T’oung pao'', 20 (1921), p. 323.〕 After the Jin elevated their status by conferring on their ruler the old Xiongnu title of ''chanyu'', in 281, they were ruled, from 285, by Murong Hui for five decades.〔Mark Edward Lewis, ''China Between Empires: The Northern and Southern Dynasties'', Harvard University Press, 2009 pp.132-3〕 These Xianbei groups formed the core of the Tuyuhun Empire and numbered about 3.3 million at their peak. They carried out extensive military expeditions westward, reaching as far as Hetian in Xinjiang and the borders of Kashmir and Afghanistan, and established a vast empire that encompassed Qinghai, Gansu, Ningxia, northern Sichuan, eastern Shaanxi, southern Xinjiang, and most of Tibet, stretching 1,500 kilometers from east to west and 1,000 kilometers from north to south. They unified parts of Inner Asia for the first time in history, developed the southern route of the Silk Road, and promoted cultural exchange between the eastern and western territories, dominating the northwest for more than three and half centuries until the Empire was destroyed by the Tibetans.〔Zhou, Weizhou () (1985). ''The Tuyühu History'' () . Yinchuan (): Ningxia People's Press ().〕 The Tuyuhun Empire existed as an independent Kingdom outside China 〔''Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present''. Christopher Beckwith (Christopher I. Beckwith). 2009. Princeton University Press, pp. 128-129. ISBN 978-0-691-13589-2.〕 and was not included as part of Chinese historiography. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Tuyuhun」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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